Genomic analysis reveals independent evolution of Plasmodium falciparum populations in Ethiopia

Abstract Background Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in Ethiopia have been experiencing local selective pressures from drugs and immunity, leading to evolutionary adaptation. However, there was a paucity of data on genomic characterization adaptations P. isolates the central area Ethiopia. Methods Whole-genome analysis 25 Ethiopia, specifically West Arsi, were studied determine their genetic diversity, population structures, signatures selection known drug resistance alleles against global Cambodia, Thailand, DR Congo, Malawi. Results A total 18,517 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified Ethiopian isolates. About 84% had F WS value > 0.95 showing dominant single genotype infection most at time collection with little potential for out-crossing as expected areas low transmission intensity. Within-host diversity infections significantly different East African (p < 0.001), but not Southeast Asian (P 0.05). significant structure has observed by PCA differentiation between parasites (Fst ~ 10%) 18%), suggesting limited gene flow independent evolution population. Moreover, 125 genes under balancing found that include ama1 , trap eba175 lsa3 previously targets human host immunity. Recent directional using integrated standardized haplotype score (IHS) did detect any Pfcrt Pfdhfr Pfdhps Pfmdr 1, PfK13 genes. resistance-conferring mutations showed least one SNP marker fixed these genes, . Conclusion region structurally diverged both other populations. Malaria within-host carry chloroquine markers despite withdrawal this treatment